Cutting Tool - Marinerspoint

What is Cutting Tool

A cutting tool is a specialized instrument used in various industries to remove material from a workpiece by shearing, grinding, or other cutting processes. These tools are designed to create precise shapes, sizes, and surface finishes on materials like metal, wood, plastic, and more. Common types of cutting tools include drills, saws, milling cutters, lathe tools, and blades for cutting machines.

Cutting tools are typically made from durable materials like high-speed steel, carbide, or ceramics to withstand the forces and temperatures generated during cutting. They come in various shapes and sizes, each suited to specific applications. Proper selection, maintenance, and usage of cutting tools are essential to ensure efficient and accurate machining processes while extending the tool’s lifespan.

In summary, cutting tools are indispensable components of manufacturing and machining operations, enabling the transformation of raw materials into finished products with precision and efficiency.

Types of Cutting Tool

Cutting tools can be classified based on the number of cutting points or edges actively engaged in the cutting process simultaneously. Here are some common types under this classification:

Based on the Number of Cutting Points

cutting tools can be categorized based on the number of cutting points or edges actively engaged in the cutting process simultaneously. Here are some common types under this classification:

Single Point Cutting Tool

A single-point cutting tool is a type of cutting tool that has only one cutting edge or point in contact with the workpiece during the cutting process. It is a common tool used in machining operations, especially in turning and shaping processes. Here are key characteristics and details about single-point cutting tools:

Geometry: Single-point cutting tools typically have a simple geometry with a single sharp cutting edge or point. This cutting edge is responsible for removing material from the workpiece.
Applications: Single-point cutting tools are commonly used in turning operations, where they are mounted on a lathe. They are ideal for producing cylindrical or conical shapes and are widely used for tasks like facing, taper turning, and contouring.
Versatility: These tools are versatile and can be used for both roughing and finishing operations. They can create smooth and precise surface finishes when operated correctly.
Material: Single-point cutting tools are often made from materials like high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide, which offer good wear resistance and can withstand the heat generated during cutting.
Chip Formation: As the tool engages with the workpiece, it generates chips or swarf, which are the material removed during the cutting process. Proper chip control is important to prevent chip buildup and ensure efficient cutting.
Tool Angles: Single-point cutting tools have specific angles, such as rake angle, relief angle, and cutting angle, that are carefully designed to optimize cutting performance and reduce tool wear.
Tool Holder: These tools are mounted in a tool holder, which provides stability and rigidity during machining. The tool holder can be adjusted to control the depth and feed of the cut.
Tool Life: Proper maintenance and sharpening of the single-point cutting tool are essential to extend its tool life and maintain cutting efficiency.

Single-point cutting tools are widely used in various industries, including metalworking, woodworking, and even in the production of plastics and composites. Their simplicity, versatility, and ability to produce accurate and consistent cuts make them valuable assets in machining and manufacturing processes.

2. Double Point Cutting Tool

A double-point cutting tool is a type of cutting tool that features two sharp cutting edges or points that are actively engaged with the workpiece during the machining process. These tools are commonly used in various metalworking and machining applications. Here are some key characteristics and uses of double-point cutting tools:

Geometry: Double-point cutting tools typically have a rectangular or square cross-section, with two cutting edges located on opposite sides of the tool. These cutting edges may be shaped differently to perform specific cutting actions.
Applications: Double-point cutting tools are frequently employed in milling operations. They are used to remove material from a workpiece by rotating the tool and feeding it into the workpiece’s surface. These tools are particularly useful for tasks like facing, slotting, and contouring.
Efficiency: The presence of two cutting edges allows for more efficient material removal compared to single-point tools. This design enables higher feed rates and improved productivity in machining operations.
Versatility: Double-point cutting tools can create various profiles and shapes on the workpiece’s surface, making them versatile tools for both roughing and finishing tasks. They can produce flat surfaces, grooves, and complex contours.
Materials: Double-point tools are typically made from high-speed steel (HSS), carbide, or other hardened materials. The choice of material depends on the hardness of the workpiece material and the specific machining requirements.
Toolholders: These tools are mounted on milling machine spindles using toolholders that allow for precise positioning and adjustment of the tool’s height and orientation. Toolholders also enable quick tool changes when needed.
Chip Control: Efficient chip control is essential when using double-point cutting tools. Proper chip evacuation ensures that chips are removed from the cutting zone, preventing tool damage and maintaining machining efficiency.
Tool Life: The tool life of double-point cutting tools depends on factors such as material, cutting speed, feed rate, and tool material. Routine maintenance, including tool inspection and sharpening or replacement, helps prolong tool life and maintain cutting performance.

Double-point cutting tools are valuable assets in metalworking and machining industries, offering improved efficiency and versatility compared to single-point tools. They are widely used in milling machines to create a wide range of complex shapes and profiles in various materials, including metals, plastics, and composites.

3. Multi Point Cutting Tool

A multi-point cutting tool is a type of cutting tool designed with multiple sharp cutting edges or teeth that actively engage with the workpiece during machining operations. These tools are widely used in various applications, including drilling, milling, and shaping. Here are some key characteristics and applications of multi-point cutting tools:

Geometry: Multi-point cutting tools feature multiple cutting edges or teeth arranged in a specific pattern on the tool’s surface. These edges work simultaneously to remove material from the workpiece, enhancing cutting efficiency.
Applications: Multi-point cutting tools are used in a variety of machining processes, including drilling, milling, broaching, and gear cutting. Examples include twist drills, end mills, and gear hob cutters.
Efficiency: The presence of multiple cutting edges allows multi-point tools to remove material more quickly than single-point tools. This efficiency is particularly valuable in high-production manufacturing environments.
Versatility: Multi-point cutting tools come in a range of configurations and can produce a wide array of shapes and features on workpieces. For instance, end mills can create slots, pockets, contours, and complex geometries on a workpiece’s surface.
Materials: These tools are often made from materials like high-speed steel (HSS), carbide, or cobalt alloys. The choice of material depends on the specific machining application and the material being machined.
Toolholders: Multi-point cutting tools are mounted on machine spindles or toolholders that accommodate multiple cutting inserts or teeth. This setup allows for precise positioning and adjustment of the tool relative to the workpiece.
Chip Control: Proper chip control is essential when using multi-point cutting tools to prevent chip congestion and tool damage. Chip breakers and coolant systems are commonly used to manage chips effectively.
Tool Life: Tool life for multi-point cutting tools varies based on factors such as material, cutting speed, feed rate, and tool quality. Regular maintenance, including tool replacement or insert changes, is crucial for extended tool life.

Multi-point cutting tools are vital in industries that demand precision machining and the production of complex workpiece features. Their ability to remove material efficiently and create intricate shapes makes them indispensable tools in modern manufacturing processes across sectors like automotive, aerospace, and general machining.

Based on the Motion of the Tool

Tools can be classified based on the motion of the tool relative to the workpiece. These tools are typically dedicated to specific machines and operations. Here are some categories based on the motion of the tool:

Rotary Tools: Rotary tools are designed to move in a circular or rotational motion. They are commonly used in operations like drilling, milling, and grinding. Examples include drill bits, end mills, and grinding wheels. These tools are dedicated to machines like drills, milling machines, and grinding machines.
Linear Tools: Linear tools move in a straight-line motion along the workpiece. Examples include reciprocating saws and planers. These tools are often dedicated to machines like reciprocating saws and planing machines.
Oscillating Tools: Oscillating tools move back and forth in a controlled oscillating motion. They are versatile and can be used for tasks such as sanding, cutting, and scraping. Oscillating multi-tools are examples of such tools and are dedicated to their respective machines.
Rotary and Linear Combination Tools: Some tools combine both rotary and linear motions. For example, a lathe tool combines rotary motion for shaping the workpiece and linear motion for advancing the cutting tool along its length. Lathes are dedicated machines for such tools.
Revolving Tools: Revolving tools are used in processes where the tool revolves around a fixed axis or point. For instance, a broaching tool revolves during the broaching process, dedicated to broaching machines.
Reciprocating Tools: These tools move back and forth along a straight line and are commonly used for cutting or shaping. Jig saws and reciprocating saws are examples, each dedicated to specific machines.
Ultrasonic Tools: Ultrasonic tools use high-frequency vibrations for cutting, drilling, and machining. They are employed in various specialized applications, such as ultrasonic machining and ultrasonic welding, and are dedicated to specific machines designed for ultrasonic operations.

The choice of tool and machine combination depends on the specific machining or processing requirements. Different tools and machine types are selected to achieve the desired results for various materials and applications in industries like metalworking, woodworking, construction, and manufacturing.

Based on the Angle of Cutting

Tools can also be categorized based on the angle at which they cut relative to the workpiece. The angle of cutting is an important factor in determining the tool’s effectiveness and the quality of the machined surface. Here are some categories based on the angle of cutting:

Orthogonal Cutting Tools: In orthogonal cutting, the tool’s cutting edge is perpendicular to the direction of the tool’s motion. This type of cutting is often used in turning operations on lathes and is characterized by a constant chip thickness. Single-point cutting tools in lathes are an example of tools used for orthogonal cutting.
Oblique Cutting Tools: Oblique cutting involves cutting at an angle other than 90 degrees to the workpiece. This type of cutting is common in milling and shaping operations, where the tool is inclined relative to the workpiece. End mills in milling machines are examples of tools used for oblique cutting.
Negative Rake Angle Tools: Negative rake angle tools have cutting edges that slope downward away from the workpiece. These tools are suitable for cutting ductile materials like aluminum and brass. They reduce cutting forces and friction but may produce built-up edge (BUE) on the tool.
Positive Rake Angle Tools: Positive rake angle tools have cutting edges that slope upward toward the workpiece. They are commonly used for machining tough materials like steel and cast iron. Positive rake angles improve chip formation and reduce cutting forces.
Zero Rake Angle Tools: Zero rake angle tools have cutting edges that are parallel to the workpiece surface. They are typically used for parting or grooving operations where the tool must create a flat bottom surface.
Back Rake Angle Tools: Back rake angle tools have the top surface of the cutting edge inclined backward (away from the cutting direction). These tools are used in turning operations and help in controlling chip flow and tool wear.
Side Rake Angle Tools: Side rake angle tools have the side surface of the cutting edge inclined backward. They are used in machining operations like drilling and milling to reduce friction and improve chip evacuation.

The choice of cutting angle depends on factors such as the material being machined, the desired surface finish, and the specific machining operation. Different cutting angles influence chip formation, tool wear, cutting forces, and the overall efficiency of the machining process. Properly selecting the right cutting angle is crucial for achieving the desired results in machining and manufacturing processes.

Based on Common Names of Cutting Tools

Cutting tools often have common names that reflect their shape, function, or specific application. These names help describe the tool’s purpose and are widely recognized in various industries. Here are some cutting tools categorized based on their common names:

Drill Bit: A drill bit is a cutting tool used for creating holes in materials such as wood, metal, or concrete. It comes in various types, including twist drills, spade bits, and hole saws, each designed for specific drilling applications.
Saw Blade: A saw blade is a cutting tool used for cutting through materials like wood, metal, or plastic. Different types of saw blades include circular saw blades, bandsaw blades, and reciprocating saw blades.
End Mill: An end mill is a rotary cutting tool with multiple cutting edges used in milling machines to remove material from a workpiece’s surface. They are versatile and can create various shapes and contours.
Lathe Tool: Lathe tools, also known as turning tools, are used in lathes for shaping and cutting materials by rotating the workpiece. They include various tool shapes, such as cutting, facing, and threading tools.
Milling Cutter: Milling cutters are rotary cutting tools used in milling machines to cut and shape materials. They come in different types, such as ball nose end mills, face mills, and slotting cutters, each suited for specific tasks.
Router Bit: Router bits are cutting tools used in routers for shaping and trimming materials like wood and plastic. They come in a wide range of profiles and sizes for different routing applications.
Chisel: Chisels are hand tools with sharp cutting edges used for carving, shaping, or cutting materials such as wood, metal, or stone. They come in various shapes, including beveled chisels and gouges.
Hole Saw: A hole saw is a cylindrical cutting tool with saw-like teeth used for cutting large-diameter holes in materials. They are commonly used in plumbing and electrical work.
Broach: A broach is a cutting tool used for precise machining of internal or external surfaces. Keyway broaches, spline broaches, and surface broaches are examples used for specific applications.
Grinding Wheel: A grinding wheel is an abrasive cutting tool used for precision grinding and sharpening operations. Different types of grinding wheels are available for various materials and applications.
Reamer: A reamer is a cutting tool used for enlarging and finishing pre-drilled holes to precise dimensions. They are commonly used in machining and metalworking.
Cutter Head: A cutter head is a tool used in woodworking machinery like planers and jointers to remove material from the surface of lumber or other wooden workpieces.

These common names simplify communication in workshops and industries, making it easier for professionals to select the right tool for specific tasks and achieve desired results.

Based on Direction of Handling

“Right-hand tool” and “left-hand tool” are not standard categories for classifying tools, as tools are typically categorized based on their function, operation, or purpose rather than their handedness. However, in some contexts, these terms may refer to tools designed for use with a person’s right or left hand. For example:

Right-Hand Tool: This term could refer to a tool designed or optimized for use with the right hand. It might include right-handed scissors or certain types of right-handed ergonomic tools.
Left-Hand Tool: Similarly, a “left-hand tool” could be a tool specifically designed for use with the left hand. This might include left-handed scissors or left-handed ergonomic tools.

These terms are relatively specialized and are not commonly used in broader tool classification. The majority of tools are designed to be ambidextrous or adaptable for use with either hand.

Based on Material Used for Cutting Tool

Cutting tools can be categorized based on the materials from which they are made. The choice of material for a cutting tool depends on factors like the material being machined, cutting conditions, and tool longevity. Here are some common categories based on the material used for cutting tools:

High-Speed Steel (HSS) Cutting Tools: High-speed steel tools are made from alloyed steel that can withstand high temperatures and maintain hardness at elevated cutting speeds. HSS tools are suitable for cutting soft metals, plastics, and wood. They are known for their toughness and are often used in general-purpose machining applications.
Carbide Cutting Tools: Carbide tools are made from cemented carbide, a composite material of tungsten carbide particles held together by a metal binder, such as cobalt. Carbide tools are extremely hard and wear-resistant, making them suitable for machining hard materials like metals, alloys, and composites. They are commonly used in high-speed machining and metalworking applications.
Ceramic Cutting Tools: Ceramic tools are made from ceramics, such as alumina (Al2O3) or silicon nitride (Si3N4). They have excellent heat resistance and can maintain sharp cutting edges at high temperatures. Ceramic tools are used for high-speed machining of hardened steels, cast iron, and superalloys.
Diamond Cutting Tools: Diamond tools have cutting edges coated with synthetic diamond crystals. Diamonds are the hardest known materials and are used for cutting, grinding, and machining extremely hard materials like ceramics, glass, and non-ferrous metals. Diamond tools are essential in precision grinding and cutting applications.
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) Cutting Tools: CBN tools are made from cubic boron nitride, a superhard material. They are particularly effective for machining hardened steels, heat-resistant alloys, and other tough materials. CBN tools offer high wear resistance and excellent thermal stability.
Tool Steel Cutting Tools: Tool steel tools are made from various grades of alloy steel. They are used for cutting and shaping materials like carbon steel, stainless steel, and high-temperature alloys. Tool steel tools can be heat-treated for improved hardness and durability.
Coated Cutting Tools: Coated tools are typically made from high-speed steel or carbide and feature a surface coating, such as titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbonitride (TiCN), or diamond-like carbon (DLC). These coatings enhance tool performance by reducing friction, increasing wear resistance, and improving chip evacuation.

The selection of the cutting tool material is critical in achieving efficient and precise machining results. Different materials offer varying levels of hardness, wear resistance, and thermal stability, making them suitable for specific machining applications and materials.

Application of Cutting Tool

Cutting tools find widespread applications across various industries and sectors due to their ability to shape, carve, or remove material efficiently. Some key applications of cutting tools include:

Metalworking: Cutting tools are extensively used in metal fabrication processes like milling, turning, drilling, and grinding to shape and form metal components for industries such as automotive, aerospace, and construction.
Woodworking: In woodworking, cutting tools like saws, chisels, and routers are used to cut, shape, and join wood for furniture making, carpentry, and construction.
Machining: Cutting tools are essential in precision machining operations, ensuring the creation of intricate parts and components with high accuracy, commonly found in the manufacturing of engines, turbines, and medical devices.
Construction: Cutting tools such as concrete saws and diamond blades are vital for cutting through concrete, brick, and stone, aiding in construction and demolition projects.
Electronics: Micro-cutting tools are used in the semiconductor and electronics industries to create tiny, precise features on microchips and electronic components.
Aerospace: Cutting tools are crucial for fabricating aircraft components, including wing parts, engine components, and landing gear.
Automotive: Cutting tools are used in the manufacturing of engine blocks, gears, and other automotive parts.
Medical Devices: Precision cutting tools are employed in the production of medical instruments and implants.
Jewelry Making: Jewelers use specialized cutting tools for shaping and crafting precious metals and gemstones.
Textile Industry: Cutting tools are used to cut fabrics and textiles in garment manufacturing and other textile-related processes.
Agriculture: Tools like plows and harrows equipped with cutting edges help till and cultivate soil.
Food Processing: Cutting tools are essential for slicing and dicing food products in the food processing industry.

Overall, cutting tools play a crucial role in shaping, fabricating, and customizing materials for countless applications, contributing significantly to modern industry and manufacturing processes.

Advantages of Cutting Tool

Cutting tools offer numerous advantages across various industries and applications due to their versatility and efficiency. Some of the key advantages of cutting tools include:

Precision: Cutting tools are engineered to provide precise and accurate cuts, ensuring the production of high-quality components and products with tight tolerances.
Efficiency: They enable rapid material removal, reducing production times and costs in manufacturing processes.
Versatility: Cutting tools are available in a wide range of types and sizes, making them suitable for diverse materials, applications, and industries.
Durability: High-quality cutting tools are made from robust materials like carbide or high-speed steel, ensuring longevity and minimizing tool replacement frequency.
Customization: Cutting tools can be designed and customized to meet specific machining requirements, offering flexibility in manufacturing.
Surface Finish: They often produce superior surface finishes, reducing the need for additional finishing processes and improving product aesthetics.
Material Compatibility: Cutting tools can work with a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites.
Productivity: They enhance productivity by enabling automation and high-speed machining, leading to increased output.
Waste Reduction: Precise cutting reduces material waste, optimizing resource utilization and minimizing environmental impact.
Consistency: Cutting tools provide consistent results, reducing errors and variations in manufacturing.
Cost-Efficiency: By speeding up processes and reducing material waste, cutting tools contribute to cost savings in production.
Innovation: Advancements in cutting tool technology continue to drive improvements in manufacturing processes and product development.
Tool Life Management: Many cutting tools can be reconditioned or resharpened, extending their useful life and reducing replacement costs.

In summary, cutting tools are essential components in manufacturing and machining processes, offering a wide array of advantages that contribute to improved product quality, increased efficiency, and cost savings for businesses across various industries.

Disadvantages of Cutting Tool

While cutting tools offer numerous advantages, they also have some disadvantages and limitations, which include:

Wear and Tear: Cutting tools can wear out over time due to the abrasive nature of cutting materials, leading to reduced cutting performance and the need for frequent replacements.
Tool Maintenance: Maintaining cutting tools, such as sharpening or replacing blades, can be time-consuming and require specialized knowledge and equipment.
Material Limitations: Cutting tools are designed for specific materials and may not perform optimally on materials they were not intended for, leading to reduced efficiency or tool damage.
Heat Generation: The cutting process generates heat, which can affect the tool’s performance and the material being cut, potentially leading to warping or deformation.
Tool Breakage: Cutting tools are susceptible to breakage if subjected to excessive forces or if the cutting conditions are not properly controlled.
Noise and Vibration: Cutting operations can produce noise and vibrations, which can be harmful to operators and machinery, necessitating noise reduction measures and vibration damping.
Safety Hazards: Mishandling cutting tools or not following safety procedures can lead to accidents and injuries, making proper training and safety precautions essential.
Initial Cost: High-quality cutting tools can be expensive to purchase initially, especially for specialized or precision applications.
Limited Tool Life: Cutting tools have a finite lifespan and may need frequent replacements, adding to operational costs.
Tool Selection: Choosing the right cutting tool for a specific task can be challenging, and selecting the wrong tool can result in suboptimal results or tool damage.
Environmental Impact: The disposal of used cutting tools can have environmental consequences if not handled properly, especially for tools with carbide or other hard materials.
Tool Size and Space Requirements: Some cutting tools, such as large milling machines or lathes, require significant space and infrastructure, which may not be feasible for all operations.

Despite these disadvantages, cutting tools remain essential in various industries due to their ability to shape and process materials efficiently. Many of these drawbacks can be mitigated through proper maintenance, training, and selecting the right cutting tools for the job.