Electrochemical Cell - Marinerspoint

What is Electrochemical Cell

An electrochemical cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy (or vice versa) through electrochemical reactions. These cells are commonly used in various applications, including batteries, fuel cells, and electrolysis processes. Electrochemical cells consist of two electrodes, an electrolyte, and an external circuit for the flow of electrons.

Components of electrochemical cell

An electrochemical cell consists of several essential components that work together to facilitate the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy (or vice versa). The primary components of an electrochemical cell are as follows:

Electrodes: Electrodes are conductive materials that serve as the sites where the electrochemical reactions take place. There are two types of electrodes:

Anode: The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs. During oxidation, electrons are released into the external circuit.
Cathode: The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs. Reduction involves the acceptance of electrons from the external circuit.

Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a substance, often in the form of a solution or a molten salt, that allows the flow of ions between the anode and cathode. It is essential for completing the electrochemical circuit by maintaining overall electrical neutrality. The choice of electrolyte depends on the specific type of electrochemical cell.
External Circuit: The external circuit provides a conductive pathway for electrons to flow from the anode to the cathode, creating an electric current. This flow of electrons is what enables the cell to do electrical work, such as powering a device or generating electricity.
Salt Bridge or Separator (in some cells): In certain electrochemical cells, like galvanic cells, a salt bridge or a porous separator is used to allow the flow of ions between the anode and cathode without mixing the solutions in the two half-cells. This component maintains electrical neutrality within the cell.

These four components work together to create the necessary conditions for redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions to occur. Oxidation occurs at the anode, reduction occurs at the cathode, and the flow of electrons and ions completes the electrical circuit, allowing for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa, depending on the type of cell and the specific reactions involved.

Must Read : Fluid Coupling

How electrochemical cell work

Electrochemical cells work by converting chemical energy into electrical energy (or vice versa) through a series of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. These cells consist of two electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte, all of which play critical roles in the cell’s operation. Here’s a step-by-step explanation of how an electrochemical cell works:

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions: Electrochemical cells rely on redox reactions, where one substance undergoes oxidation (loses electrons) while another undergoes reduction (gains electrons). These reactions take place simultaneously at the anode and cathode.

Anode: At the anode, oxidation occurs. The substance being oxidized loses electrons and releases them into the external circuit. These electrons flow through the external circuit, creating an electric current.
Cathode: At the cathode, reduction occurs. The substance being reduced gains electrons from the external circuit. This electron transfer is essential for maintaining electrical balance in the cell.

Electron Flow: Electrons released at the anode flow through the external circuit to the cathode. This flow of electrons generates an electric current, which can be used to perform work, such as powering an electrical device.
Ion Flow: Simultaneously, ions from the electrolyte move within the cell to maintain electrical neutrality. In most cases, positively charged ions (cations) move toward the cathode, while negatively charged ions (anions) move toward the anode. This ion flow is facilitated by the presence of the electrolyte.
Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a solution or a conductive material that allows the flow of ions between the anode and cathode while preventing the direct flow of electrons. It is essential for completing the electrochemical circuit and ensuring the redox reactions continue.
Cell Potential: The difference in electrical potential between the anode and cathode is known as the cell potential or electromotive force (EMF). This potential difference is measured in volts (V) and determines the cell’s ability to do electrical work. It’s a key indicator of the cell’s energy conversion capability.
External Circuit: The external circuit provides a conductive pathway for electrons to travel from the anode to the cathode, allowing for the continuous flow of electrical current.
Salt Bridge or Separator (in some cells): In certain electrochemical cells, like galvanic cells, a salt bridge or a porous separator is used to allow the flow of ions between the anode and cathode without mixing the solutions in the two half-cells. This component helps maintain electrical neutrality and facilitates ion flow.

The overall process in an electrochemical cell involves the controlled movement of electrons and ions between the anode and cathode, resulting in the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy (as in galvanic cells) or the consumption of electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions (as in electrolytic cells). The specific reactions and materials used in the cell determine its functionality and application.

Electrochemical cell working with example

An electrochemical cell works by converting chemical energy into electrical energy (or vice versa) through a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. It consists of two half-cells, each with an electrode and an electrolyte, connected by an external circuit. Here’s a simplified explanation of how an electrochemical cell works using a common example, the alkaline battery:

Alkaline Battery Example:

Components: An alkaline battery consists of two half-cells: a zinc (Zn) anode and a manganese dioxide (MnO2) cathode. The anode and cathode are separated by an alkaline electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Oxidation at the Anode: At the anode (the zinc side), a chemical reaction takes place, which is the oxidation half-reaction. In the case of an alkaline battery, zinc undergoes oxidation: Anode (Oxidation): Zn(s) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ In this reaction, zinc metal loses two electrons (2e⁻) and forms zinc ions (Zn²⁺).
Reduction at the Cathode: At the cathode (the manganese dioxide side), a complementary chemical reaction occurs, which is the reduction half-reaction. In this case, manganese dioxide is reduced: Cathode (Reduction): 2MnO₂(s) + 2H₂O(l) + 2e⁻ → 2MnO(OH)(s) + 2OH⁻(aq) In this reaction, manganese dioxide gains electrons (2e⁻) and reacts with water to form manganese oxyhydroxide (MnO(OH)) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
Electron Flow: Electrons released at the anode flow through the external circuit (typically through a device like a flashlight) to reach the cathode. This flow of electrons constitutes an electric current.
Ion Flow: To maintain electrical neutrality, potassium ions (K⁺) from the electrolyte move from the cathode side to the anode side through the electrolyte solution.
Overall Cell Reaction: The overall cell reaction is the combination of the oxidation and reduction half-reactions: Zn(s) + 2MnO₂(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2MnO(OH)(s) + Zn²⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq)
Energy Release: The redox reactions release energy as the reactants are transformed into products. This energy is harnessed and can be used to power electrical devices connected to the battery.
Battery Life: Over time, as the zinc anode is consumed and the manganese dioxide cathode is reduced, the battery’s capacity diminishes until it is no longer able to provide a sufficient voltage to power the device.

This simplified example illustrates the fundamental workings of an electrochemical cell, where oxidation occurs at the anode, reduction at the cathode, and electrons flow through the external circuit, generating electrical energy. Different types of electrochemical cells follow similar principles but involve various materials and reactions to suit specific applications.

Half-Cells and Cell Potential

Half-cells are the components of an electrochemical cell where either oxidation or reduction occurs.

Cell potential (EMF) is the voltage difference between the two half-cells, determining reaction spontaneity.

Primary cell and Secondary Cell

Primary cells and secondary cells are two categories of electrochemical cells used for energy storage, but they differ in terms of their characteristics and applications:

Primary Cell (Non-Rechargeable Battery):

Non-Rechargeable: Primary cells, also known as non-rechargeable or disposable batteries, are designed for single-use. Once their chemical reactions are exhausted, they cannot be recharged, and they need to be replaced.
Chemical Reactions: Primary cells operate through irreversible chemical reactions. These reactions are typically unidirectional, and the cell depletes its energy as it discharges.
Examples: Common examples of primary cells include alkaline batteries (e.g., AA, AAA), zinc-carbon batteries, and lithium batteries. They are widely used in devices like remote controls, flashlights, and smoke detectors.
Long Shelf Life: Primary cells have a relatively long shelf life and can hold their charge for an extended period, making them suitable for devices with infrequent use.

Secondary Cell (Rechargeable Battery):

Rechargeable: Secondary cells, also known as rechargeable batteries, can be recharged and reused multiple times. They are designed for long-term use, and their chemical reactions are reversible.
Chemical Reactions: Secondary cells operate through reversible chemical reactions. These reactions can be reversed by applying an external electrical voltage, which recharges the cell.
Examples: Common examples of secondary cells include lithium-ion batteries, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, and lead-acid batteries. They are used in devices like laptops, smartphones, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems.
Environmental Benefits: Rechargeable batteries are more environmentally friendly than disposable batteries because they reduce the number of batteries that end up in landfills. They also tend to have a lower overall environmental impact.
Limited Shelf Life: Secondary cells typically have a shorter shelf life compared to primary cells, and they may require periodic maintenance, such as cycling (fully discharging and recharging) to maximize their lifespan.

In summary, primary cells are single-use, non-rechargeable batteries with irreversible chemical reactions, while secondary cells are rechargeable batteries with reversible chemical reactions, allowing for multiple charging and discharging cycles. The choice between primary and secondary cells depends on the intended application and the need for long-term or disposable power sources.

Types of Electrochemical Cells

Certainly, I’ll provide concise explanations of galvanic and electrolytic cells:

1. Galvanic Cell (Voltaic Cell): A galvanic cell is an electrochemical device that spontaneously converts chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. It consists of two half-cells, each with an electrode and an electrolyte solution. At the anode, oxidation occurs, leading to the release of electrons, while at the cathode, reduction takes place, accepting these electrons. The difference in electric potential between the anode and cathode, known as cell potential, drives the flow of electrons through an external circuit, producing electrical current. Common examples include batteries like alkaline, lead-acid, and lithium-ion batteries.

2. Electrolytic Cell: In contrast to galvanic cells, electrolytic cells are non-spontaneous electrochemical devices that require an external source of electrical energy to drive redox reactions. These cells are commonly used in processes like electrolysis, where compounds are broken down into their constituent elements. An electrolytic cell comprises two electrodes, an anode (positively charged) and a cathode (negatively charged), immersed in an electrolyte solution. When an external power source is connected, it supplies the necessary energy to initiate the non-spontaneous reactions. Electrolytic cells find applications in electroplating, metal refining, chemical synthesis, and water treatment processes.

Certainly, here’s the information presented in a table format for better clarity:

Aspect	Galvanic Cell	Electrolytic Cell
Spontaneity	Spontaneous redox reactions	Non-spontaneous redox reactions (driven by external energy source)
Half-Cells	Two half-cells with anode and cathode	Two electrodes (anode and cathode)
Anode	Site of oxidation, electron release	Positively charged (oxidation occurs)
Cathode	Site of reduction, electron acceptance	Negatively charged (reduction occurs)
Ion Flow	Controlled by salt bridge or separator	Controlled by external power supply
Energy Source	Chemical energy	External electrical power source
Purpose	Generates electrical energy	Drives non-spontaneous reactions
Examples	Batteries (e.g., alkaline, lithium-ion)	Electrolysis (e.g., water splitting), electroplating, metal refining, chemical synthesis, water treatment

This table summarizes the key differences between galvanic cells and electrolytic cells, including their spontaneity, components, purpose, and common applications.

which reaction occurs at the anode in an electrochemical cell

In an electrochemical cell, the reaction that occurs at the anode depends on the specific cell chemistry and the nature of the electrochemical process. However, in general terms, the anode is the site of the oxidation half-reaction.

During the oxidation half-reaction at the anode:

One or more reactants undergo oxidation, typically losing electrons in the process.
Electrons are released into the external circuit and flow through it.
Positively charged ions or cations are generated as a result of the oxidation and migrate into the electrolyte solution to maintain overall electrical neutrality within the cell.

The specific chemical reaction that occurs at the anode can vary widely depending on the type of electrochemical cell and the substances involved. Here are a few examples of anode reactions in different types of electrochemical cells:

Galvanic Cell (Battery): In a galvanic cell (e.g., a common alkaline battery), the anode typically involves the oxidation of a metal, such as zinc. For example, in a zinc-carbon battery, the anode reaction might be: Anode: Zn(s) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻
Electrolysis Cell: In an electrolysis cell, such as during the electrolysis of water, the anode reaction involves the oxidation of a substance (e.g., water or anions) to produce cations and release electrons. For water electrolysis, the anode reaction can be represented as: Anode: 2H₂O(l) → O₂(g) + 4H⁺(aq) + 4e⁻
Fuel Cell: In a hydrogen fuel cell, the anode reaction involves the oxidation of hydrogen gas to produce protons and electrons. For a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, the anode reaction is: Anode: H₂(g) → 2H⁺(aq) + 2e⁻

These examples illustrate the oxidation reactions that occur at the anode in different types of electrochemical cells. The specifics of the reaction depend on the cell’s chemistry and the materials used in its construction.

where does oxidation occur in an electrochemical cell

Oxidation occurs at the anode in an electrochemical cell. The anode is one of the two electrodes in the cell, with the other being the cathode. In redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, which are central to electrochemical processes, the anode is where the oxidation half-reaction takes place.

During the oxidation half-reaction at the anode:

A substance undergoes oxidation, which involves the loss of electrons.
Electrons are released from the substance being oxidized and flow through the external circuit, creating an electric current.
Positively charged ions or cations are generated as a result of the oxidation and migrate into the electrolyte solution to maintain overall electrical neutrality within the cell.

The specific chemical reaction that occurs at the anode can vary depending on the type of electrochemical cell and the substances involved. However, in all cases, the anode is where oxidation occurs, and it is responsible for supplying electrons to the external circuit, which is essential for the flow of electrical current in the cell.

Application of Electrochemical Cell

Electrochemical cells have a wide range of practical applications in various fields due to their ability to convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Here are some notable applications of electrochemical cells:

Batteries: Electrochemical cells are commonly used in batteries to store and provide electrical energy for portable devices, such as smartphones, laptops, cameras, and electric vehicles. Different types of batteries, including alkaline batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and lead-acid batteries, utilize electrochemical reactions to store and release energy.
Fuel Cells: Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel (e.g., hydrogen) and an oxidant (e.g., oxygen) into electrical energy and heat. They are used in various applications, including powering vehicles (hydrogen fuel cells), providing backup power for buildings, and generating electricity in remote locations.
Electrolysis: Electrolysis is a process that uses an external electrical source to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. It is used for various purposes, such as water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases, which can be used in fuel cells, industrial processes, and clean energy applications.
Corrosion Protection: Electrochemical cells can be employed to protect metals from corrosion. By using sacrificial anodes (e.g., zinc or aluminum), the anode corrodes instead of the metal structure, providing cathodic protection in environments like marine structures and pipelines.
Electroplating: Electrochemical cells are used in electroplating processes to deposit a layer of one metal onto the surface of another. This technique is essential in manufacturing jewelry, electronics, and various metal-coated products.
Sensors: Electrochemical sensors are commonly used for detecting and measuring specific substances, such as glucose in blood glucose meters, gases in environmental monitoring, and pollutants in industrial processes. These sensors rely on the electrochemical reactions between the target analyte and an electrode.
Environmental Remediation: Electrochemical methods are applied in environmental cleanup processes, such as electrocoagulation and electrooxidation, to remove contaminants and pollutants from wastewater and groundwater.
Medical Devices: Implantable medical devices, like pacemakers and defibrillators, use electrochemical cells to provide a stable source of electrical energy for continuous operation within the human body.
Solar Cells: Photovoltaic cells, which are a type of electrochemical cell, convert sunlight into electricity. They play a crucial role in generating renewable energy for residential and commercial use.
Supercapacitors: Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, store electrical energy more efficiently than traditional capacitors and can deliver rapid bursts of power. They are used in applications requiring high power density and rapid energy discharge, such as electric buses and regenerative braking systems.

These are just a few examples of the diverse range of applications for electrochemical cells in science, technology, and industry. Their versatility and efficiency make them essential components in many modern systems and processes.

Advantages of electrochemical cell

Electrochemical cells offer several advantages in various applications due to their unique characteristics and capabilities. Here are some of the key advantages of electrochemical cells:

High Energy Density: Many electrochemical cells, such as lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells, offer high energy density, which means they can store and deliver a significant amount of energy relative to their size and weight. This makes them suitable for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles.
Efficiency: Electrochemical cells are often highly efficient in converting chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. This efficiency is important in applications where energy conservation is crucial.
Low Self-Discharge: Some electrochemical cells have a low self-discharge rate, which means they can retain their stored energy for extended periods without significant loss. This is advantageous for devices like backup power systems and long-term energy storage.
Quick Start-Up: Electrochemical cells, such as supercapacitors, can deliver rapid bursts of power and have quick response times, making them suitable for applications requiring high power output, such as starting internal combustion engines in vehicles.
Long Cycle Life: Many modern electrochemical cells have a long cycle life, meaning they can undergo numerous charge and discharge cycles without significant degradation. This makes them economically viable for long-term use, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
Environmental Friendliness: Electrochemical cells can be designed with environmentally friendly materials and can produce fewer pollutants compared to some other energy storage technologies. For example, hydrogen fuel cells emit only water vapor as a byproduct.
Wide Range of Operating Temperatures: Electrochemical cells can be engineered to operate effectively over a wide range of temperatures, from extremely cold to high heat, making them versatile for different environments and applications.
Scalability: Electrochemical cells can be scaled up or down to meet the specific energy storage or power generation needs of various applications, from small electronic devices to grid-scale energy storage systems.
Reliability: When properly designed and maintained, electrochemical cells are known for their reliability and predictability in delivering consistent electrical output.
Versatility: Electrochemical cells come in various types, including batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors, each suited for different applications. Their versatility allows them to be tailored to specific needs.
Energy Recovery: Electrochemical cells can be used for energy recovery and storage in regenerative braking systems, where they capture and store energy during braking or deceleration for later use, improving energy efficiency in transportation.
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electrochemical cells, particularly those in fuel cell vehicles, can contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions when used with clean energy sources, as they do not produce harmful emissions during operation.

These advantages make electrochemical cells a critical technology in a wide range of industries, from consumer electronics to renewable energy, transportation, and beyond, enabling efficient and sustainable energy storage and conversion.

disadvantages of Electrochemical cell

While electrochemical cells have many advantages, they also come with certain disadvantages and limitations, depending on the specific type of cell and its application. Here are some of the common disadvantages associated with electrochemical cells:

Limited Energy Storage: Most electrochemical cells have a limited energy storage capacity, which means they can only provide power for a finite period before needing recharging or replacement. This limitation is particularly relevant for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles.
Chemical Reactivity: Electrochemical cells rely on chemical reactions, which can sometimes be reactive or sensitive to external factors. This can lead to issues such as degradation of cell components, reduced performance, and safety concerns.
Environmental Impact: The production, use, and disposal of electrochemical cells can have environmental consequences. For instance, some cell types, like lead-acid batteries, contain toxic materials that can harm the environment if not disposed of properly.
Limited Lifespan: Over time, electrochemical cells degrade and lose their capacity to store or deliver energy. This limited lifespan can result in the need for frequent replacement, which can be costly and environmentally unfriendly.
Slow Charging: Some types of electrochemical cells, such as certain battery chemistries, can have relatively slow charging times, which can be inconvenient, especially when compared to the fast refueling of gasoline-powered vehicles.
Energy Density Variability: The energy density of electrochemical cells can vary widely depending on the type of cell and its specific design. Some cells may not provide sufficient energy for certain high-power or long-duration applications.
Maintenance Requirements: Electrochemical cells may require maintenance, monitoring, and temperature control to ensure optimal performance and safety. Improper maintenance can lead to reduced efficiency and lifespan.
High Cost: Advanced electrochemical cells, such as lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells, can be expensive to manufacture due to the materials and technology involved. This cost can be a barrier to widespread adoption.
Limited Temperature Range: Some electrochemical cells may not perform well in extreme temperatures, either too hot or too cold, which can limit their usability in certain environments.
Safety Concerns: Under certain conditions, electrochemical cells can pose safety risks, including overheating, leakage, and the potential for thermal runaway, which can result in fires or explosions.
Chemical Resource Dependency: The production of certain electrochemical cells relies on specific materials and resources, such as rare metals or minerals, which can lead to supply chain challenges and price fluctuations.
Infrastructure Requirements: Fuel cell technology, for example, requires the development of hydrogen infrastructure for widespread adoption, which can be costly and time-consuming.

It’s important to note that the disadvantages of electrochemical cells can vary widely depending on the specific type of cell and its application. Manufacturers and researchers continually work to address these limitations and improve the performance, safety, and environmental impact of electrochemical cell technologies.

Reference : https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/electrochemical-cell